In cases of hyperparathyroidism, what complication may arise in the newborn?

In the context of maternal hyperparathyroidism, the newborn may experience neonatal rebound hypocalcemia. This occurs due to the high levels of maternal parathyroid hormone (PTH) leading to elevated maternal serum calcium levels. When the infant is born, they are no longer exposed to the higher levels of maternal calcium, which can cause a rapid decrease in their own serum calcium levels, resulting in hypocalcemia.

The newborn's parathyroid glands may struggle to adjust immediately after birth, leading to a temporary state of hypocalcemia as they start to regulate calcium homeostasis independently. This condition generally resolves with appropriate treatment and careful monitoring.

The other potential complications like neonatal hypercalcemia, diabetes, or hypertension are not typically associated with cases of maternal hyperparathyroidism. Neonatal hypercalcemia could occur if the infant had hyperparathyroidism itself, but that's not directly a complication of maternal hyperparathyroidism. Neonatal rebound hypocalcemia specifically highlights the physiological response to the sudden change in calcium exposure at the time of birth, making it the most relevant answer in this situation.