What complications can arise from exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester?

Exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester is associated with a risk of oligohydramnios. ACE inhibitors are known to affect renal function and amniotic fluid production due to their action on the renin-angiotensin system, which plays an important role in fluid homeostasis. When a fetus is exposed to these medications early in pregnancy, potential renal impairment can lead to decreased urine output from the fetus, which consequently reduces the volume of amniotic fluid, resulting in oligohydramnios.

Oligohydramnios can lead to several complications, including fetal growth restriction, pulmonary hypoplasia (underdeveloped lungs), and fetal distress due to the reduced cushioning and protection provided by amniotic fluid. This emphasizes the importance of careful management of pregnant individuals who are prescribed ACE inhibitors, especially in the early stages of pregnancy, to mitigate potential risks to the developing fetus.

The other complications listed do not have a direct link to ACE inhibitors in the same way. Neonatal jaundice is more commonly associated with other factors, preeclampsia is generally related to placental and maternal factors rather than medication exposure, and gestational diabetes is not specifically connected to ACE inhibitor usage.