What effect does surfactant administration have on neonatal outcomes?

Surfactant administration plays a vital role in improving neonatal outcomes, particularly for preterm infants who are at risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Surfactant is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, facilitating easier lung expansion during breathing. By administering surfactant, the function of the lungs can be significantly improved, which in turn enhances oxygenation and reduces the effort needed for breathing.

The use of exogenous surfactant has been shown in numerous studies to decrease the rate of mortality among preterm infants with RDS. Effective surfactant therapy can lead to a reduction in complications associated with RDS, such as the need for mechanical ventilation, and can decrease the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Consequently, because surfactant therapy effectively improves respiratory function and reduces the severity of respiratory distress, it significantly contributes to lower mortality rates in affected neonates. Thus, the administration of surfactant is a critical intervention that enhances survival and improves overall outcomes for at-risk neonatal populations.