What is the estimated fetal cardiac output at term?

The estimated fetal cardiac output at term is approximately 500 mL/min/kg, making this the correct answer. This value reflects the significant physiological changes that occur in the fetal circulation as the fetus grows, necessitating an increased cardiac output to meet the metabolic demands of both the fetus and the placenta.

During the third trimester, the fetal heart rate and stroke volume contribute to this elevated cardiac output, ensuring adequate perfusion of vital organs and supporting growth and development. Understanding the normal ranges for fetal hemodynamics is critical for assessing fetal well-being and detecting potential pathologies in a maternal-fetal medicine setting.

Fetal cardiac output is a key parameter that helps clinicians determine if the fetus is thriving, especially in situations involving intrauterine growth restriction or other complications.