What is the histopathological signature of a complete mole?

The histopathological signature of a complete mole is characterized by trophoblastic proliferation with the absence of a fetus. A complete hydatidiform mole arises from an abnormal fertilization event, where an empty ovum is fertilized by either one or two sperm, leading to an excessive proliferation of trophoblastic tissue but failing to develop any fetal structures.

In a complete mole, there are significant abnormalities, including the presence of hydropic (swollen) villi, which are indicative of the abnormal placental development. These villi exhibit marked trophoblastic hyperplasia, contributing to the characteristic “grape-like” appearance seen on gross examination. The absence of fetal tissue is a hallmark of this condition, differentiating it from a partial mole, which typically has some fetal tissue alongside the abnormal placentation.

This distinct pathological feature is crucial in diagnosing complete moles and understanding their implications, including the potential for progression to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.