What is the purpose of surfactant in neonatal medicine?

Surfactant plays a critical role in neonatal medicine, specifically in the management of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) commonly seen in premature infants. The primary function of surfactant is to reduce surface tension within the alveoli of the lungs, preventing their collapse and promoting effective gas exchange. By ensuring that the alveoli remain open, sufficient amounts of surfactant facilitate the proper exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, crucial for the infant's survival.

In cases of RDS, which is often due to surfactant deficiency, administering exogenous surfactant therapy significantly reduces the incidence of respiratory failure and improves outcomes. This intervention has been shown to decrease RDS-related mortality rates substantially, making it a vital component of care for premature infants.

The context of this question highlights the importance of addressing surfactant deficiency in neonates, which directly relates to their respiratory health and overall survival odds. Thus, the option emphasizing the reduction of mortality associated with RDS accurately reflects the pivotal role that surfactant plays in neonatal care.