What type of embryopathy is associated with isotretinoin?

Isotretinoin, a retinoid used primarily for severe acne, is known to be teratogenic when taken during pregnancy. The most significant risk associated with isotretinoin exposure in pregnancy is a spectrum of central nervous system (CNS) malformations. This can include issues such as hydrocephalus, abnormalities of the cerebellum, and other anomalous brain structures. The teratogenic effects are strongly linked to exposures during the critical periods of organogenesis.

The embryopathy related to isotretinoin can also involve facial dysmorphism (part of the retinoid embryopathy), but it is central nervous system malformations that prominently highlight the risks associated with isotretinoin. Other malformations, such as cardiac defects and ear abnormalities, also fall under its potential teratogenic effects.

In contrast, spina bifida, Down syndrome, and clubfoot are not associated with isotretinoin use in the context of its teratogenic effects. Spina bifida and clubfoot have different etiologies and risk factors unrelated to isotretinoin. Down syndrome is a chromosomal anomaly that cannot be attributed to teratogenic drug exposure like isotretinoin. Thus, the association of isot