Which amino acids are exclusively classified as ketogenic?

The classification of amino acids as glucogenic or ketogenic is based on their metabolic pathways. Ketogenic amino acids are converted primarily into ketone bodies, which can serve as an alternative energy source during prolonged fasting or carbohydrate restriction.

Lysine and leucine are the only amino acids that are exclusively ketogenic. Leucine can be broken down into acetyl-CoA, which enters the ketogenic pathway, while lysine is also metabolized into acetoacetate, another key molecule in ketogenesis. This means that these amino acids do not contribute to glucose synthesis and are utilized specifically for energy production through ketogenesis, making them unique in this regard.

Other amino acids mentioned in the other choices incorporate both ketogenic and glucogenic pathways, meaning they can be converted into glucose in addition to ketone bodies. Therefore, while those amino acids might participate in various metabolic processes, they do not fit the definition of being exclusively ketogenic as lysine and leucine do.