Which of the following maternal conditions is associated with a high risk of congenital infection?

Varicella is a viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is known to increase the risk of congenital infection when contracted during pregnancy, especially in the first and second trimesters. Maternal varicella infection can lead to a condition referred to as congenital varicella syndrome, characterized by a range of malformations including limb hypoplasia, cicatricial skin lesions, and ocular defects. The timing of the infection during pregnancy significantly influences the risk of congenital anomalies. Prenatal exposure to VZV can lead to serious complications for the fetus, including intrauterine growth restriction and neurologic consequences.

In contrast, while the other conditions listed can carry risks during pregnancy, they are not primarily associated with high risks of congenital infections. Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of the adrenal gland that produces excess hormones and does not have a documented risk of congenital infection. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune condition that can complicate pregnancy but is not directly linked to congenital infections. Brucellosis is a bacterial infection transmitted from animals, and while it poses risks during pregnancy, it is not characterized as a typical congenital infection like varicella.